Transport In The Future

Transport In The Future Envision that you get up the morning and drink some espresso and afterward enter your vehicle and leave them free rein to take you to the home office of your business. Or then again envision that you go on family leave, and you drive your vehicle to the way of self-driving vehicles on the interstate, and you press a catch and afterward deals with the seat, the course of different travelers and begin playing a game of cards or viewing a film with l And possibly your darling go to the city of Detroit, however it left you have enough leave to slice the excursion from Dubai to Detroit. There is an innovation fly will have the option to take you across a large portion of the globe in around two hours so you can go through the end of the week with this individual dear to Qbaksahih that the innovation is still a long way from empowering us to enter the machine-like trailer telephone and move in a jiffy to somewhere else over the opposite side of our reality, most researchers concur that suc h a fantasy isn't attainable. Be that as it may, we will find in our unrest in the movement permit us access to all pieces of the globe, and past the globe. The main changes began to happen as of now as to the most widely recognized and fundamental methods for movement: the vehicle. Vehicle innovation has gotten progressed to the point that some with three-dimensional maps incorporate real pictures to assist you with arriving at your kiss wanted. There are likewise cameras introduced on the vehicles permit us to perceive what is legitimately behind us and made us the admonition indications of sluggishness, we drive a vehicle or on the off chance that we don't see the vehicle corresponding to us on the two roadsides as we move from the way to another. Additionally accessible control innovation in speed as indicated by oneself traffic conditions or climate, and a scope of other amusement gadgets. There is additionally an innovation to cruise starting with one spot then onto the next voice-and permit us to distinguish out and about. This says Karl Brauer, manager of Edmunds.com mail, which tracks the quick advancements occurring in the car world, that today there are frameworks for route will permit you to print the name of the beginning stage and the passageway wanted at that point is take you through the pictures and voice orders to your kiss, yet it stays to be You should drive the vehicle. He includes that this will change in the long run, What will happen is that I am I will go to my vehicle and I will set my hand and, to the intricate markets, for instance, will dispatch the vehicle in the pre-modified courses. It is difficult to vehicles impact in light of the fact that every single one of them know the site different vehicles precisely. I can peruse a book or tune in to music during this short excursion. One of the extraordinary points of interest of this framework is that all vehicles will be liable to control through PC, so they can begin at higher rates to lessen head out an ideal opportunity to half-an ideal opportunity to be the standard. This innovation is accessible gratitude to the new radar frameworks and worldwide situating frameworks, which are given by the vehicle. Also, that discussion of such innovation after, just like the case with PDAs (P. de A), PCs, computer games and mobile phones. Such gadgets that can assist you with night on the off chance that you choose to drive yourself, and composed that the radar can foresee that a mishap is going to fall, says Brower. He includes: This innovation will take the necessary steps to Tjnepk the impacts of stun was the driver to push a seat move in an opposite direction from the wheel, or they shut the rooftop top opening to diminish the opportunity that you or your stuff flying out of the vehicle. High .. Away The issue lies in vehicle travel in numerous nations of the world in street clog. The populace is developing consistently, and individuals are purchasing more vehicles, streets and arrived at their most extreme extension. What is the main spot that can be turned to? It is the sky! Does this appear to be a dream as well? Not a chance. Not as per Dr. Paul Mueller, the designer of the vehicle bodies, he accepts we will see a vehicle like this is utilized in crisis benefits by police, rescue vehicle and fire benefits inside five years. At that point extended to incorporate the utilization of business administrations, for example, bundle conveyance administration. Mueller is relied upon to arrive at these vehicles uncovered in the open area inside 10 years, and we may start to move our vehicle to the plane, as does George Jitson in animation strips. Says Mã ¼ller: It will begin before your doorstep, at that point you will be diverted consequently to the line of air. What's more, keep up your vehicle at a fixed good ways from different vehicles, everybody UNOMSA a similar speed in light of the fact that the procedure is totally equipped wire. Will move individuals starting with one spot then onto the next while perusing a book or magazine or a paper or playing PC games or doing what they might want to do while being shipped from guide A toward point B . It will be the most extreme heap of the vehicle is grand six individuals, while the greatest separation will be 1200 km. Since these vehicles will move immediately uncovered in excess of 500 kilometers for each hour, it will go all the way from the city of Boston to Washington DC in under an hour and a half.There will be no congested driving conditions. That, however it would be a methods for movement is totally protected, as he says Mã ¼ller: the vehicle itself will be numerous subtleties on that, fantastically, they will be outfitted with a few motors and a few umbrellas, PCs and different gadgets for worldwide situating. This will be bolstered by frameworks in Russia and Europe. Dr. Daniel Golden is required to head the U.S. Organization for Space Administration (NASA) that is accessible for this kind of airplane the runway for about 25% of the number of inhabitants in the United States inside 10 years and 90% of the populace inside 25 years. He includes Bruce Calkins is an official working for Muller, stated: Technology will be accessible that will permit the vehicle uncovered that fly all alone, and it will go along these lines is simpler than driving a vehicle. It would be workable for a significant number of the flying vehicles that live in the environment simultaneously without impact on account of the activity the way Heavenly Express. It saw the U.S. space office and the Federal Aviation Administration that it is important to make the chance of an ordinary individual, drove by a little airplane, for example, vehicle bodies, likely appropriate. In this way, the two foundations built up a program my PC will permit anybody under the initiative of a little airplane. Mueller stated: I don't think individuals acknowledge the amount we are near the chance of finding the region of air is run completely by PC. Activity is the way heavenly thruway, once accomplished, won't permit you any optional powers in their drive a vehicle noticeable all around. The exact opposite thing we need is somebody there does not have the ability or the skipper alcoholic. There is another motivation behind why the dispatch of the vehicle uncovered conceivable, that he would not be important to contribute any assets for the development of new foundation. Muller says: The magnificence of this thought they would not require 50 years to assemble a system of interstates, it is all at long last the hardware and programming. We ought to recollect here that the development of new foundation is an issue looked by the advancement of trains, Mag Lev fast and very productive. They surge at rapid high off the tracks in a few inches, while staying associated with them by the magnet. Says Ray Bilukwiyn Vice President Al Arti K. what's more, Associates, one of the biggest designing plan firms on the planet, one reason that may forestall the vehicle frameworks between the general population and accomplished later on is the significant expense of building new tracks. Bilukwiyn says: The administration ought to give financing. For this to occur, we need an age of individuals state: I am burnt out on going through four hours in movement consistently. Quicker than a shot In spite of the fact that the thought might be the magnificent vehicle on the ground, however it won't take care of the issue just travel over the normal the separation went by transports and prepares. In any case, shouldn't something be said about intersection the Atlantic Ocean to the opposite side of our reality? Has made the U.S. space organization test motors running at speeds surpassing multiple times the speed of sound of planes and showed up in speed to the speed of Mac - 15, or 15 thousand kilometers for every hour. This innovation will make the farthest reaches of the globe in just two hours away. Charles Mclinton previous boss innovation official for a NASA Hyper-X in the focal point of Langley innovation that hypersonic is blast multiple times later on for transportation, it will reform air travel. He includes: You would day be able to breakfast in Boston, and lunch in Los Angeles. Envision that you have lunch in Boston and managing breakfast in Tokyo. You can today to get the bundles sent to you the day preceding from numerous spots on the planet. Envision that you get the bundle at the equivalent the day it sent. We consider space travelers to be as they rampaged through space. Envision having the option to go to space travel gateway and travel through space with a similar level of security that traverse the land. The innovation that hypersonic multiple times could turn this fantasy to the real world. Mclinton state that the motors that work burning innovation that ultrasonic engine is the main compelling and that surpass the speed of the speed of a Mac 5. He includes: On this degree of speed, the airplane flying at more significant levels in the air. What's more, if the plane was flying at rates of Mac 10, it will fly at a tallness of around 30 km in the environment, and the outing from New York to Tokyo, under two hours. is probably going to require these high speeds out of the environment and afterward enter it in the region of the spot of access. One of the preferences innate in going at higher paces and higher on the ways is the nearness of a more noteworthy number of aviation routes that airplane could go through it. A further favorable position for the plan of airplane quicker than the speed of sound is multiple times higher decrease of commotion implies that airplane can fly over the earth, as on account of airplane ordinary. Furthermore, will turn into the innovation ultrasonic rapid is standard for air transport at long last. Notwithstanding, the Mclinton says it is likely t

Hispanic Surnames, Meanings, and Origins

Hispanic Surnames, Meanings, and Origins Does your last name fall into this rundown of the 100 most basic Hispanic family names? For extra Spanish last name implications and birthplaces, see Spanish Surname Meanings, 1â€50. Keep perusing beneath this rundown of normal Hispanic family names to find out about Hispanic naming traditions, including why most Hispanics have two last names and what those names speak to. 51. MALDONADO 76. DURAN 52. ESTRADA 77. CARRILLO 53. COLON 78. JUAREZ 54. GUERRERO 79. MIRANDA 55. SANDOVAL 80. SALINAS 56. ALVARADO 81. DELEON 57. PADILLA 82. ROBLES 58. NUNEZ 83. VELEZ 59. FIGUEROA 84. CAMPOS 60. ACOSTA 85. GUERRA 61. MARQUEZ 86. AVILA 62. VAZQUEZ 87. VILLARREAL 63. DOMINGUEZ 88. RIVAS 64. CORTEZ 89. SERRANO 65. AYALA 90. SOLIS 66. LUNA 91. OCHOA 67. MOLINA 92. PACHECO 68. ESPINOZA 93. MEJIA 69. TRUJILLO 94. LARA 70. MONTOYA 95. LEON 71. CONTRERAS 96. VELASQUEZ 72. TREVINO 97. FUENTES 73. GALLEGOS 98. CAMACHO 74. ROJAS 99. CERVANTES 75. NAVARRO 100. SALAS Hispanic Surnames: Why Two Last Names? The Hispanic twofold last name framework follows back to the respectability class of Castile in the sixteenth century. The main family name for the most part originates from the dad and is the essential family name, while the second (or last) family name originates from the mother. A man named Gabriel Garcã ­a Marquez, for instance, shows a dads first family name of Garcã ­a and the moms first last name, Marquez. Father: Pedro Garcà ­a Pà ©rez Mother: Madeline Marquez Rodrà ­guez Son: Gabriel Garcà ­a Marquez Portuguese names, including last names from Brazil where Portuguese is the prevalent language, regularly follow an unexpected example in comparison to other Spanish talking nations, with the moms last name starting things out, trailed by the dads name, or essential family name. How Does Marriage Affect the Surname? In most Hispanic societies ladies by and large keep their dads last name (family name) for a mind-blowing duration. At marriage, many decide to include their spouses family name instead of their moms last name, some of the time with aâ deâ between their dads and husbands last names. Subsequently, a spouse will for the most part have an unexpected twofold last name in comparison to her better half. A few ladies likewise decide to utilize every one of the three last names. Along these lines, kids will have an unexpected twofold last name in comparison to both of their folks, as their name is comprised of (as examined beforehand) their dads first family name (the one from his dad) and their moms first family name (the one from her dad). Spouse: Madeline Marquez Rodrà ­guez (Marquez is her dads first surname, Rodrà ­guez her mothers)Husband: Pedro Garcà ­a Pà ©rez Name After Marriage: Madeline Marquez Pà ©rez or Madeline Marquez de Pã ©rez Expect Variants-Especially As You Go Back in Time During the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, Hispanic naming examples were less steady. It wasnt uncommon, for instance, for male youngsters to be given the last name of their dad, while females took the family name of their moms. The twofold family name framework which began among the Castilian privileged societies during the sixteenth centuryâ did not come into normal use all through Spain until the nineteenth century. Consequently twofold last names being used preceding 1800 may reflect some different option from the fatherly and maternal last names, for example, an approach to recognize one family with a typical last name from others of a similar last name. Last names may likewise have been browsed an unmistakable family or even from grandparents.

Study Abroad - A Students Perspective - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Study Abroad - A Students Perspective - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Study Abroad A Students Perspective Last spring Chase Staub, a senior intern in our office, participated in one of the many Study Abroad programs UGA has to offer. Read below to learn about his experience: This past May, I had the opportunity to go on one of UGA’s Study Abroad programs to Croatia. I traveled to this small, transitional country in Eastern Europe to study global public health and heritage conservation. I am preparing for a career in the health sciences, so this trip was an excellent opportunity to explore my field in depth. I not only gained a richer understanding of the topic, I was also able to gain experience in different health professions to help decide my future career path. We traveled the country tackling challenging health concerns for various areas, such as national parks, tourist destinations, islands, and remote areas. This allowed me to experience the entirety of Croatia while also gaining valuable information about each location. For example, I learned about public safety issues while touring one of the world’s most beautiful natural parks, Plitvice Lakes. I also learned about the concept of identity conservation while visiting cities impacted by war and talking to the survivors of their history’s great battles. Every day was a new area with new topics, such as going to the US Embassy, health institutes, hospitals, government agencies, and world heritage sites. The creative and innovative approaches to education were endless. Studying abroad is one of the best experiences you can have during your time in college. Students can take the knowledge they learned in the classroom and apply it literally around the world. Education comes to life during these trips, because students are not reading a textbook or listening to a lecture, but they are traveling directly to the sites and hearing first hand from the primary sources. Students have the chance to work with top professionals from many different fields of study, such as government employees, researchers, field specialists, and educators, providing multiple perspectives on a topic and a holistic understanding. All the while, students are submerged into a different culture, being exposed to the region’s language(s), history, heritage, food, songs and traditions. The personal enrichment I gained by being immersed in a different cultures was invaluable. Countries around the world are becoming increasingly interdependent. Our globe is shrinking and populations are growing. UGA has seen the importance of preparing students to enter this global community and now has study abroad programs traveling to over 100 countries and on all 7 continents. The skills and experiences one gains abroad are among the most beneficial for a student’s chosen career and academic endeavors. But one of the greatest challenges facing students entering college is choosing their pathâ€"what to study and what career they would enjoy. Studying abroad is a great immersion option for trying out majors and career options first hand. Many students return with confirmation for their interests in a career or discover a passion for a new field. To learn more about Study Abroad opportunities available at The University of Georgia, visit the Office of International Education online here. Go Dawgs!

Food And Beverage Industry Supply Chain Management

INTRODUCTION: - Food and beverage industry today has become one of the most competitive industries in the world. Recognizing that supply chain management is a core strategy and achieving world class performance in this strategy by developing and managing supply chains that provide flexibility, response time and delivery performance that exceed the competition is a key to survival in the food and beverage industry. The largest production sectors of food industry are brewing, milling, baking, confectionery, animal and vegetable oils, sugar, dairy products, fruits and vegetables, soft drinks, fish and meat processing, ethyl alcohol distillation, sprit blending, wines, bottling of natural spring . The figure illustrates the supply chain management in the food industry. The raw material produced like Meat, plants, oils are sent to the initial distribution center where they are processed. They are next sent to the food processing where they are added with preservatives and biocides. Then they are processed to packaging like paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, metal etc. Then it is sent to the distribution center from where it is sent to warehouses, shops, supermarkets etc. or they are sent to restaurants, hotels. After the usage they are again disposed and then recycled. McDonald s Background McDonald s is one of only a handful of brands that command instant recognition in virtually every country in the world. 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In February 2005, Brenda Barnes, Sara Lee’s newly appointed president and CEO, announced a strategic plan to transform Sara Lee into a more tightly focused food, beverage, and household products company. The centerpiece of Barnes’s transformation plan was the divestiture of weak-performing business units and product categories accounting for $8.2 billion in sales - 40% of Sara Lee’s annual revenue. Barnes believedRead MoreEssay on The Globalization of Nestle1612 Words   |  7 PagesSwiss food and beverage Multi-national corporation headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues with about 500 factories in more than 80 countries. The company consists of a powerful portfolio of brands that is driven by unrivalled research and innovation, an aim to contribute to improving the quality of consumers’ lives and a clear commitment to consistence excellence. The company succeeded in accomplishing its mission of â€Å"Good Food, Good

Implementing Purchase Of Books Over The Internet Essay

Related work Abstract: With the advent of fast and easy internet access, online shopping has reached a large number of users today. In order to buy a product online, a user has to resort to multiple sources during the course of their purchase, in order to gain information about the product and the purchase. In this project, we build a smart webstore called Shopomatic, designed to simplify the process of purchase of books over the internet [1]. Shopomatic contains the basic functionality of webstores, designed for online shopping [2] [3]. These basic features include the categorical listing of products, a shopping cart [4] containing a list of all the products selected by the user [5] and a checkout utility [6]. In addition, this webstore exhibits extended connectivity with its users and other related web services. The users are given an option of receiving email notification for certain events. 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Travel agencies should adopt e-commerce technology into business modelsRead MoreIndividual Analysis of Cango1349 Words   |  6 PagesOrganization Overview: CanGo is a fictional Internet startup that retails a variety of products and services, ranging from books and videos to online gaming services. The CanGo team deals with practical issues of business in many ways relevant to the realities of today s business world. CanGo brings into focus a variety of issues important to businesses in general, and particularly those engaged in the challenging world of e-commerce. For example users:  · Experience the growing pains of a newRead MoreSituation Analysis : Chief Decision Maker Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagescomputerized system, so there was no more direct calling from an agent to book a flight. Our competition saw the benefits of this platform, so they tried to create their own reservation platforms. Since these platforms were complex and operators had to be trained to use the platform, most travel agents were only affiliated with one airlines platform. Even though they might be only affiliated with one airline, an agent could still book a flight through a competitor, but that competitor would be forced toRead MoreTechnology And The Educational System977 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in every classroom and in every student and teacher’s hand, because it is the pen and paper of our time, and it is the lens through which we experience much of our world† (Warlick). This quote by David Warlick illustrates the necessity of implementing technology into the educational system through the use of a metaphor that compares it to the pen and paper of our time. 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Risk Management In Spain Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(89) " infect contagious diseases into Spain and the remainder of Europe from Morocco, Africa\." Pull offing hazard has become an of all time more increasing issue in every field. Its significance depends really much on the context that we are working in. In the veterinarian sector control systems have been developed to protect the wellness of animate beings to guaranty their safe ingestion. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management In Spain Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now What they are and how they work in Spain will be discussed in this assignment. Hazard Analysis ( RA ) , what for? By and large by Risk we understand a state of affairs or action, which has different results, and about one of these is negative and poses a menace ( 1 ) . When menaces are identified, they are analysed and dealt with in order to cut down and eventually extinguish them. RA is a procedure or technique used to mensurate the consequence of unknown menaces. There are four phases to specify the RA system: jeopardy designation, hazard appraisal, hazard direction and hazard communicating. This technique is used by a wide diverseness of administrations, private and governmental 1s ( NATO, FAO, WHO, EFSA, OIE, ECDC ) , in the nutrient safety sector in Spain by AESA/AESAN. Definitions For a Hazard to be at that place has to be a jeopardy, which needs to be identified in the first case. A jeopardy can be described as a state of affairs, or a status that can do harm or some sort of loss, to human existences, animate beings or the environment ( 2, Apx1 ) Hazard designation is a procedure or stairss that we take to allow us place possible menaces in a state of affairs. It is possible to associate a peculiar jeopardy to a possible hazard, but it ‘s non possible to place all the jeopardies. Hazard appraisal can be understood as the appraisal, qualitative A ; quantitative, of the hazard ensuing from the jeopardy. There are two chief procedures, qualitative and quantitative, that must be specific depending on the state of affairs. Risk direction is the application of the necessary steps to measure, proctor and take effectual control of the hazards, in order to minimise the possible negative impact of the development of this hazard ( 3 ) . Hazard communicating attempts to give a clear image about the hazard. This procedure requires a clear and open communicating between all the parties involved, ( stakeholders ) . This can merely be achieved if some necessities take topographic point: exchange of information, acknowledgment of the class and grasp of hazard, understanding the effects of options and make support for determinations. This can be achieved through meetings, treatments, interviews, web-blogs, Radio and Television. The undermentioned diagram shows the relationship between the three constituents of RA. ( 4, 5 ) ( 5 ) In Spain RA has become strategically of import in veterinary and carnal wellness ( 6 ) . It is now a common tool in veterinary public wellness and used by governmental organic structures that play a function in enforcing ordinances designed to protect animate beings or human wellness ( AESA, MARM, RASVE, SIR, etc. ) . In the veterinarian field RA can be conducted by two chief systems. They are based on two theoretical accounts, one adopted by the Office International des Epizooties ( OIE ) and the other used by the Codex Alimentarius. Under the umbrella of the FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the Codex Alimentarius Commission was produced in 1963 to make processs and regulations to modulate the pattern of nutrient criterions ( 7 ) . The RA system in the Codex has these chief points: Hazard Appraisal Hazard Management Hazard Communication These definitions can be found in the Procedural Manual ( 13th Edition ) of the Codex. ( 8 ) The system used by the OIE, in its Covello/Merkhofer Model, comprises of the undermentioned constituents ( Apx1 ) : Hazard Identification Hazard Appraisal Hazard Management Hazard Communication. The OIE defines Hazard designation as â€Å" the procedure of acknowledge the pathogenic cause which might potentially be conveying in to the merchandise considered for importing † . Hazard designation is an added constituent in this system. It is a procedure used to place jeopardies in a given state of affairs that ‘may present a alteration in hazard to animal or human wellness ‘ ( 9 ) . Hazard appraisal can be described as the appraisal of the chance and the biological and fiscal effects of entry, adjustment, or spread of an infective agent in the part of an importing state. ( 9 ) Risk direction is the method of identifying, taking and using steps that can be practical to cut down the threshold of hazard. ( 9 ) Hazard communicating is the all parts active interchange of information on hazard between hazard assessors, hazard directors and other involved parties. ( 9 ) The chief difference between the two systems is that the OIE has the jeopardy designation as a phase of the RA. The Codex system has the jeopardy designation as a portion of the hazard appraisal. ( FAO, 2004 ) ( 10 ) The Codex hazard appraisal phases: The OIE hazard appraisal phases: Hazard designation Release appraisal Hazard word picture Exposure appraisal Exposure appraisal Consequence appraisal Hazard word picture Risk estimation ( 11 ) . The perceptual experience about jeopardy differs between the Codex and the OIE. The Codex determines the relation between cause/effect and the badness of the possible effects. The chief point of the Codex is the designation of the jeopardy, which is measured by descriptive classs ; high, medium, low. The aim of the OIE is the possible pathogens, which represent a possible jeopardy in animate beings and animate being merchandises, and the direction of this hazard. The OIE emphasises the appraisal of the Risk release. In the OIE RA is strongly linked with the cost /benefit of the step to command this hazard. The Codex highlights the relationship dose/response with the exposure appraisal and defines this as ‘hazard word picture ‘ . The OIE takes into history any harmful consequence, whereas the Codex considers the consequence of the effect of the alteration in the dosage of the hazard, ( pathogen, toxin, or antibiotics residues ) . In Spain the OIE system is used by the governments to develop qualitative RA of the hazards at the debut of infect contagious diseases into Spain and the remainder of Europe from Morocco, Africa. You read "Risk Management In Spain Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" In this sort of analysis different parametric quantities are used: Prevalence of infection, volume of trade, capacity of the virus to last, the seasons and climatic conditions and potency for infection. The magnitude of the effects goes in manus with the chance of transmittal and spread. This is usually linked with costs and benefits of the determinations taken and the accordingly possible economic loss of no action. Normally RA takes topographic point during an eruption of carnal disease in counties near to their ain boundary lines. The quickest attack is a qualitative RA. The Codex is concerned about nutrient safety. The Programmes are designed to protect public wellness and to guarantee that moderately managed procedures in the nutrient trade are in topographic point and to advance harmonisation in nutrient criterions in the work undertaken by international governmental and private administrations. This analysis is usually quantitative. It uses different tools and methods, such as the ‘Monte Carlo ‘ methodological analysis. The information comes from different beginnings that are normally collated into a theoretical account to foretell prevalence and measure. This analysis takes into history the predictable exposures and other factors such consumer types, genders, wellness position etc. They include the consequence of the uncertainness and variableness in mathematical and probabilistic theoretical accounts developed by computing machines programmes. One illustration is the QRA of the impact on human wellness on opposition of Salmonella Enteriditis and S. Tiphimurium in domestic fowl merchandises and eggs. Here they investigate how the usage of antibiotic favors the emerging opposition in pathogens that could be transmitted to worlds and animate beings through the nutrient supply. ( 12 ) This quantitative survey gives a numeral value to the hazard, because sufficient informations is available ( 13, 14, and 15 ) . There are different types of RA: From Qualitative ( descriptive ) , semi- quantitative to quantitative RA ( deterministic/ stochastic ) . Qualitative RA is used in countries of the nutrient security, homo and animate being wellness services. For every jeopardy established, an estimated hazard is made on the badness of the likeliness of the jeopardy happening. However, the categorizations used are frequently unequal as the likeliness of a jeopardy to happen is ne’er precise. Besides, a chance database is non required, but at that place needs to be sufficient information that let us set up the likeliness and the consequence of the hazard job. This method can be subjective, which reduces its significance. The envisaged end is of import to transport out the appropriate activities that will take to the expected results. The Quantitative RA system, used in the Covello – Merkhofer Model, works with simulation modeling. The Monte Carlo simulation is a dependable tool, flexible, is simple to prove and to depict and the procedure of this theoretical account is under less influence to human error. However, this method is subjective because the distribution during the description of the information is selective. So there is a demand to look into it to avoid a wholly unrealistic consequence. The semi QRA is a clear attack for the effectual control of a scope of hazard issues. It is normally used in commercial undertakings. The SQRA produces an arithmetical hazard appraisal based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative informations. The job is that due to a deficiency of gettable informations, merely inordinate hazard will be avoided with this method. It is hence non to the full acknowledged worldwide. All these theoretical accounts need to be reviewed after the first phase of the appraisal has been carried out. In Spain, as in the remainder of EU, RA is utilised in a assortment of countries such as instruction, technology, scientific discipline, environment, private and public governmental bureaus ( wellness service, military, banking, trade, etc. ) . Spain has to follow a specific EU statute law in activities related to nutrient production. The usage of the ARICPC, Spanish version of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) , became mandatory by the Real Decreto 2207 in 1995, on 28 December. The Regulation ( EC ) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and Council of 29 April 2004 are now really in force. HACCP is globally recognised as the most first-class system of guaranting merchandise preserve by commanding nutrient borne screen jeopardies. This statute law specifies the mandatory nature of the application of the hazard analysis of these sorts of procedures bearing in head the protection of the population. â€Å" The ( EC ) 178/2002, Article 6 ( Risk Analysis ) , Paragraph 1 provinces: â€Å" In order to accomplish the general aim of a high degree of protection of human wellness and life, nutrient jurisprudence shall be based on hazard analysis except where it is non appropriate to the fortunes or the nature of the step † ( 16 ) . In Spain the HACCP system is used by the regional authoritiess to modulate the nutrient industry in a wide spectrum of activities: Bakers, ice pick, piscary merchandises, dairy merchandises, meat and meat merchandises, pre-cooked repasts, H2O, preserved nutrient, beer, sugar, vino, oil, juice, veggies, eggs, catering, spirit, Sweets and pastries, butcheries, cutting workss, butcher stores, eating houses, java stores, bars etc. In all this activities there is a hazard to place, the hazard in nutrient or ‘agro nutrient ‘ hazards. There are nutritionary hazards, chemical hazards ( arsenic, nitrates, nitrites, Cd ) physical hazards ( temperatures, ionizing radiations ) , biological hazards ( Salmonellas, Campylobacter, E. Coli, C. Burnetii, TSE ) , pesticides, veterinarian drugs residues. The diagram below shows the residues from pharmaceutical production, from infirmaries, illegal drugs, Veterinary medical specialty usage, like antibiotics and steroids and farming activities ( pict1 ) . ( 17 ) Other countries, where RA is applied, are those derived from animate being diseases outbreaks. In March 2009 there was a high hazard that the Serotype 4 or the Bluetongue ( which had been eradicated from Spain ) could come back from the North of Africa because of the air current transporting the septic vector over. This was outlined in the last RA by Regional Veterinary service so they could take the necessary steps. By the Order ARM/575/2010, in all the South of Spain, all farm animal had to be vaccinated against the serotype 4 of Bluetongue, to halt the spread of the disease. Possible carnal wellness or animate being related human wellness jeopardies, that require RA, may include new or unusual infections in animate beings such as Bluetongue in the North European cowss, West Nile virus infection in Europe, or additions in endemic zoonotic diseases like Leishmaniasis, an infection caused by a protozoon parasite of the genus Leishmania ( 18 ) . Decision The sum of jeopardies both related to carnal diseases and nutrient safety signifier a long list. It is of import for the commanding organic structure, to place first which of the jeopardies are most likely to show an immediate menace. The undermentioned phase would be to explicate the right inquiry, which could be really simple and straightforward. For case: which hazards are you or your administration interested in? Is at that place a instance to make a Hazard Assessment? What result is expected? Zero hazard or acceptable hazard? The right inquiries will take to relevant information already made available. However, if the inquiries lack in timing and do n’t present the right definition of the hazard/s involved, and this is non sorted at an early phase, the undermentioned portion of the appraisal could be biased or wholly compromised. The whole information and information accessible will specify the tract that ‘s taken. If the jeopardy is a disease, it is of import to obtain a broad scope of information from different beginnings to derive an overall image of the jeopardy presented and the possible hazards estimated from the consequence of the rating of informations collated. This procedure is clip devouring, demands expertise, resources and fiscal backup. Financial and human resources are cardinal to avoid unreported wellness position. Developing states do n’t needfully hold the support and resources available to use the necessary systems efficaciously and rely strongly on outside support. By and large a deficiency of fundss stops the development of specializer colleges and establishments. â€Å" Prevention IS BETTER THAN CURE † â€Å" Adagiorum Collectanea † 1536, Erasmo de Rotterdam ( Roterdam, 1466/69 ) How to cite Risk Management In Spain Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Religious Conflict Through The Ages Essays - Culture,

Religious Conflict Through The Ages The role religion plays in world history is, at best, tremendous. Through the ages, religion has both unified and divided civilizations often bringing extreme human casualty, in the case of division, or creating interesting new cultures, in the case of the latter. In the Ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Kush and Egyptian empires religion serves as a catalyst further strengthening the bond found in such homogeneous societies. In these civilizations it is important to note that the inhabitants did not conceive of religion in terms of a belief system in a higher moral authority, rather, the belief system was such a part of their lifestyle that there was no differentiation. In discussing ancient civilizations such as the Greek and Kush empires it is also important to understand that nonconformity was not even a mode of thinking, therefore, there was no room for religious disunity. In homogeneous societies, religion serves to further bridge the culture together. This is not the ca se in other later civilizations. England's King Henry VIII separation from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century presents the most interesting scenario in discussing the role of religion and how it either unites or divides people. For the first time, moreso than Rome's conversion to Christianity, a religious division was taking place within a relatively homogeneous society. Religion perhaps is predominately viewed by most contemporaries as problematic given the current divisions among many Catholics and Protestants in Ireland and the continuing conflict between Muslims and Hebrews in the Middle East. The Crusades serve as an example of how two religiously unified societies become fierce competitors in the conquest for world domination, in this sense, religion is divisive. The dynamics in determining whether religion unites or divides people are extremely complex especially when discussing civilizations from the Egyptians to the English dynasties. However, three distinctions can be outlined in this discussion. Firstly, religion serves as a catalyst further unifying homogeneous civilizations such as the Greek, Ku*censored*e and Egyptian societies, secondly, religion serves as a primary focus of difference when two homogeneous societies, such as the Muslims and the Christians involve themselves in a conflict for spiritual dominance, and, thirdly, how religion, in some homogenous societies such as the Protestant Reformation of the late Tudor and early Stuart dynasties in England, serves to divide the people. Religious observance in ancient civilizations serves to further bridge the connectedness that the people of those societies felt. In the ancient Greek, Ku*censored*e and and Egyptian cultures religion was such a integral part of their lifestyle that it was totally indistinguishable in terms of contemporary classifications. The ancient Greeks held close to a common polytheistic belief system and operated the government, domestic lifestyle, and recreation from this system. The evidence is abounds in that the Olympic Games were held at the feast of Zeus at Olympia in Elis, and the Pythian Games were held at Delphi, in honor of Apollo. Although the Greeks were advanced in the governmental procedures such as their creation of the republic, Kings such as Darius yielded extreme power and control. The Ku*censored*es who first known around the sixth century B. C.(538 B.C.) were the darker skinned people who rivaled, to a small extent, the great Egyptian dynasties. The Ku*censored*es had a cen tral belief system that revolved around the ka or soul as Miriam Ma'at Ka Re Monges explains in her book entitled Kush: The Jewel of Nubia. The ka was used as a term for the creative and sustaining power of life which every human being shared by entering the world. Another important factor in explaining how religion within homogeneous societies serves as a bonding force is the Ku*censored*e custom of regicide. In Meroe as well as other Ku*censored*e kingdoms, the killing of the king was an accepted custom. The religious belief is that the King's physical well being was directly tied to the gods and to the fertility of the lands. Monges, in her book, further contends that: ?since the king was responsible for Maat[term a number of positive qualities, i.e. righteousness and truth] and since the fertility of the land was necessary for balance and order, the decreased vitality of the king would affect the production

Third and Final Continent Essay Example

Third and Final Continent Essay Example Third and Final Continent Paper Third and Final Continent Paper Each country represents his emotional situation of life. India: His own birthplace; his own roots; London: Away from home, but still living with the Bengali boys, still firmly attached to the culture; and the third and the final country : United States : where he learned to adopt the American culture to such an extent that, in the beginning, he had to try to adjust with his Indian wife, in which he eventually succeeds. Actually Lair takes the readers on a voyage in the life of an ordinary but an ambitious man. At first the readers may not sound the narrator ambitious, but on looking deep in to the story, one can easily find the ambition of the narrator In establishing himself on the foreign ground, constantly struggling to ascertain himself between the eastern and western cultures. In fact, looking at the last paragraph of the story, the narrator himself admits his ambitiousness in the following lines, In my sons eyes I see the ambition that had first hurled me across the world. (Lair 663) In spite of being ambitious, the narrator is an ordinary man, coming from a middle class Indian family. His fathers death had left his mother insane and forced his brother to leave the school in order to run the house. As a result, the narrator does not having the luxuries of having a personal apartment in England. Instead, [he] lived in London, in Funfairs Park. In a house occupied entirely by penniless Bengali bachelors like [himself], at least a dozen and sometimes more, all struggling to educate and establish [themselves] abroad. (Lain 650). In London, the narrator Is, no doubt, far from his home but not far from his culture because he and his roommates were cooking pots of egg curry, which [they] ate with our hands n a table covered with newspapers (664) . Some weekends the narrator and his roommates would Invite stall more Bengali, to whom lately Ana Introduced [themselves] at the greengrocer, or on the Tube, and [they] made yet more egg curry, and played Musses on a Grinding reel-to-reel (664). Here the storyteller shows his firm attachment to his own culture. Listening to Musses (An Indian famous playback singer) or eating egg-curry is typically Indian. The egg-curry is assigned with a significant attachment which is mentioned repeatedly in the story. Whether cooking or the first time for his wife or eating with his son -with hands- at the end of the story. The quest to still move higher and to reach the heights which the narrator might have set for himself were so high that the major events like his own wedding or the historical event of the astronauts planting the American flag on the moon were of least important to him. He was still struggling to establish himself in America. Lair has beautifully guides her readers to understand the narrators state of mind by describing the view outside the windows of narrators places of residence. For example, when he looks from the window from the Y. M. C. A. , the narrator describes, A bare window overlooked Massachusetts Avenue. Car horns, shrill and prolonged, blared one after another. Sirens and flashing lights heralded endless emergencies, , throughout the night. The noise was constantly distracting, at times suffocating (653). The above description states the America never sleeps, the is life so fast and noisy that the narrator , felt it deep in [his] ribs, Just as [he] had felt the furious drone of the engine on the S. S. Aroma. But there was no ships deck to escape o, no glittering ocean to thrill [his] soul, no breeze to cool [his] face, no one to talk to (653). While describing the road which lead to Mrs. Crofts house, Lair describes , [The narrator] turned down a street shaded with trees, perpendicular to Massachusetts Avenue (655). The author has beautifully used these line to indicate the turning point in narrators life. Instead of taking a straight direction or an opposite direction, the narrator take a perpendicular direction to a street shaded with trees. Here the straight and the opposite directions signifies the eastern and the stern culture, where the narrator chooses the perpendicular direction which is in between the both directions. And the shaded trees signifies his relationship with Mrs.. Croft, with whom he found comfort. Further more the description of the view of outside from the narrators room in Mrs.. Crofts house, The window was open; net curtains stirred in the breeze. I lifted them away and inspected the view: a small back yard, with a few fruit trees and an empty clothesline. I was satisfied. (657), nicely explains the contentment of the story teller. Now here is something what the orator wants from his life; and which also Justifies that even though, he is ambitious, the narrator is an ordinary man. He does not want too much from life. He just wants a small back yard- a place for himself- , few fruit trees -few fruitful achievements in life -, and an empty clothesline -which he can fill according to his will-. This argument is proved in the end of the story where the narrator says, Mall and I live in a town about twenty miles from Boston, on a tree-lined street much like Mrs.. Crofts, in a house we own, with room for guests, and a garden that saves us room buying tomatoes in summer (663). The above lines proves that, in fact, this was what the narrator actually wanted a tree lined street much like Mrs. Croft and a garden that saved them from buying tomatoes in the summer- his own and unique way of living; an American lifestyle with an Indian touch. Lair has not only shown ten narrators amontillado In ten story, out NAS also excellently woven ten eastern Ana the western cultural aspects, guarding its own beauty respectively. Each character designed by Lair, represents its own culture in the unique way. For example, the really between the dressing style between Mall(narrators wife) and Mrs.. Croft: Both of them trying to be a perfect lady according their own cultures respectively. The parallelism between the narrator and Helene, daughter of Mrs.. Croft : Both of them have a different point of view in taking care of their mothers. The narrator worried that something would happen to her in the middle of the night, or when [he] was out during the day'(660) Where as, according to the narrator, Helen didnt seem concerned. She came and went, bringing soup for Mrs..

Minmi - Facts and Figures

Minmi - Facts and Figures Name: Minmi (after Minmi Crossing in Australia); pronounced MIN-mee Habitat: Woodlands of Australia Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 500-1,000 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Unusually small brain; primitive armor on back and belly About Minmi Minmi was an unusually small, and unusually primitive, ankylosaur (armored dinosaur) from middle Cretaceous Australia. This plant-eaters armor was rudimentary compared to that of later, more famous genera like Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus, consisting of horizontal bony plates running along the sides of its backbone, a noticeable thickening on its belly, and spiky protrusions at the end of its long tail. Minmi also had an unusually small, narrow head, which has led some paleontologists to speculate that its encephalization quotient (the comparative size of its brain to the rest of its body) was lower than that of other dinosaurs of its timeand considering how stupid the average ankylosaur was, thats not much of a compliment. (Needless to say, the dinosaur Minmi shouldnt be confused with the Japanese-born, Caribbean-style singer Minmi, or even Mini-Me from the Austin Powers movies, who are both presumably much more intelligent!) Until recently, Minmi was the only known ankylosaur from Australia. That all changed at the end of 2015, when a team from the University of Queensland re-examined a supposed second Minmi fossil specimen (discovered in 1989) and determined that it actually belonged to an entirely new ankylosaur genus, which they dubbed Kunbarrasaurus, Aboriginal and Greek for shield lizard. Kunbarrasaurus appears to be one of the earliest known ankylosaurs, dating to the same middle Cretaceous time frame as Minmi, and given its relatively light coating of armor, it seems to have only recently evolved from the last common ancestor of both stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. Its closest relative was the western European Scelidosaurus, a clue to the different arrangement of the earths continents during the early Mesozoic Era.

Current Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Health Care Reform - Essay Example Under this plan, the government will increase the amount of money taxed to people, and insurance companies will also play a crucial role. The plan is to be fully implemented in 2014, and several legal specifications indicate that it would influence the most of people in a good way as compared to a variety of issues which they normally reject since they assume they are costly. For those who cannot get insurance, there will be a sliding scale of subsidies created to help pay their premiums (Miranda, 2010). Under this plan, pre-existing conditions will not be used by insurance firms to refuse to pay up on health claims. The government will fund Medicare even more by adding 250 dollars to be used in covering prescriptions. Pursuant to this, it is projected that those who paid 100 percent will only be required to pay 25 percent by the year of 2012. This is projected to cost the government the excess of 938 billion within the next 10 years (Andrews, 2012). Furthermore, under the Patient Pr otection and affordable Care Act plan, more lavish benefits of Medicare, such as gym membership, hearing aids and the likes, are not planned to have been cut. Increases in taxes can also be seen in the fact that, for instance, couples making 250,000 annually will be taxed 1.45 to 2.35 by the year 2013. People with higher incomes will be taxed at the rate of 2.8 percent on the income that is not earned, such as interest and dividends (Miranda, 2010). Those enjoying indoor tanning facilities will be compelled to pay 10 percent more in taxes. The main influence behind the health care bill was, of course, President Barrack Obama whose administration has been instrumental in pushing for and promoting these health reforms. In congress, the bill has not been popular but the Democrats have put their weight behind the bill, since they insist it aims at ensuring all citizens will access to health insurance. In 2011 the final vote was 220 to 207 with all the Republicans voting against, but the bill eventually passed (Andrews, 2012). It actually makes employers play a greater role in the provision of their employees with health insurance. As a matter of fact, passing the bill was not an easy job as the process was fraught with political interferences and parties’ politics. In 2011, the Senate repealed the bill but the Supreme Court overturned this appeal. In an unexpected move, Justice Roberts voted for the bill justifying his reasoning by saying that the Constitution allows Congress to, whether based on actions or inactions, assess taxes. This had great influence in saving the plan from the opposition of the Republicans. In the Senate, the bill has been favored by the majority of Democrats who have supported the bill. While the Republicans consider it an unnecessary and expensive tax, the supporters of Democrats claim that it should not be repealed, since it would take away medical care for millions. Public opinion is divided and is expected to be reflected in the November elections. Republicans are using the opposition for this to rally people against Obama in the re-election. In fact, the plan is tailored to fit with the majority’s requirement and, since it will provide cheaper insurance and health cover for millions, a sizeable number will support it. When Romney tried to tell an audience of voters that the Republicans would do away with Obama’s health reforms, he was booed. This is the evidence that quite a

Resolution of Business conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resolution of Business conflict - Research Paper Example They can be monetary as well as non-monetary in nature. When calculated, it takes into account financial losses, wastage of time and wasted resources. In this specific case with two major participants, the problem was that they were influential enough to create concerns and panic in the economy and could cause fluctuations in the financial stability of the industry. The costs of this specific conflict were that first of all, it fueled the mortgage concern more than it would actually have oscillated. The Insurance Company had to pay a huge price to investors who faced a rapid mortgage decline. Goldman had apparently inflated its losses more than their actual value, and demanded most of what AIG had been left with. Goldman had a major share in the rapidity of the problems created for AIG, which was already stuck in a complicated mesh of loss in the financial world as an insurance company that collapsed because of a decline in the mortgage market. That was the point where the government intervened in the resolution of the conflict. Both parties were adamant with their behavior and did not consider any compromises which could ruin or at least create confusions about their position in the industry. Goldman, along with pressing AIG for further payments pushed other institutions such as Societe Generale, a French bank to ask for payments from AIG as well. Even though AIG was practicing a somewhat more lenient policy towards Goldman, it appeared as if there was something awkward about Goldman Sachs strategies of compelling AIG’s scenario to worsen. After research, it was found that an unreported $2.9 Billion was undeservingly lying in Goldman’s reserves- undeclared and unreported. Gold man’s concern was that AIG should not be demanding payment back from them. If it was not enough in the first place, AIG should have objected before paying it. The issue between the giant companies was not

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay In this chapter all of the concepts, theories and methods that are related with the management Information system such as system, information system and MIS will be discussed. The concept of educational management system is also well presented. In other sections the concept of EMIS will be considered in the world by especially focusing this concept in Pakistan will be discussed. In final sections of this chapter EMIS of COMSTAS institutes of information technology will be discussed. This data will be then act as guideline to analyze the empirical findings of primary data. 2.1 Management Information system There have been numerous kinds of systems that have been developed over the past several years. These information systems had helped to fulfill the needs and requirements of decision making not only at managerial but also at the operational level. Every organization develops its own management information system (MIS) which is totally dependent on the personal needs of the organizations. Management information system developed for one organization is useless for other organizations with different requirements (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997). In the management information system, not only the system itself is important but to get the maximum advantages from the system it is important that the human intelligence, perception and judgment must be powerful and strong enough to get combined with the system information (Thierauf 1984). This combination will provide managers with the unique and valuable tool for the information management in any company (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997). 2.1.1 What is a system? The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine user and machine interactions in to the effective information which later on is used by the decision makers to make efficient decisions. In the management information system, the most important entity is system itself which is set of defined and interrelated components which are generally described as all of the direct or indirect complex components or elements that are related in a casual network. Within any particular time period, all of these complex components are related in more or less stable way with at least some other components (Thierauf 1984). So a well developed and interactive system is one which provides best and useful information to the managers at all levels. 2.1.2 Information system? The best system is one that provides useful information and user interaction at all levels. An information system is a collection of activities, procedures, methods, technology and peoples that are organized to get the valuable related data and information. This system must also be able to store this information until it is required by the user. It should be capable of data processing and responding to its end user by providing the answers to all set of queries. Information systems should best interacts and communicates with the end user In order to provide the accurate required information (Knight Silk, 1990). 2.1.3 Management Information System The information system which is composed of formalized procedures that can provide all of the relevant appropriate information at all levels to all of the managers is called management information system (MIS). This system uses all of the internal and external resources to provide data and information to the end users which enable them to take timely decisions that are effective from the directing, planning and controlling point of view. As a whole this is an efficient system that can provide all of the required information to the management at all levels at appropriate times. Management information system is basically an affective combination of human and technology resources that results in data storage, collection, and communication, data retrieval and usage. In managerial operations and business planning, these MIS systems play a vital role in business success (Lucey, 1989). In literature, there are several definitions of the management information systems (Lucey, 1989, Thierauf, 1984). The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine user and machine interactions in to the effective information which later on is used by the decision makers to make efficient decisions. The specialized systems that are being used for decision making for the management at all levels are generally known as management information systems (Thierauf, 1984). Information systems are of significant importance in any type of organization, generally, it is really impossible for any organization to operate without any sort of information system. These information systems are developed by focusing the needs and requirements of the particular organization which are unique for every other organization. In the early 1960s, the importance of system designers and administrators gained much importance and attention. In an organization, at the administrative level, management information systems are composed up of the human and machine combination that are used to fulfill the information demands at these levels. In very large organizations, these MIS are also a combination of many interrelated sub systems which are sharing the same resources for data and processing. While discussing the concept of MIS in an organization, this activity is considered just as a part of all of the other ongoing activities. This MIS activity is important because it equips the top management with all of the information about the lower management and maintains a continuous flow of information throughout the organization. MIS system also facilitates the owners of the organizations with the general information about the organization. The main advantage of MIS system in an organization is to maintain appropriate information flow that can be achieved by dividing organizations in to different sub systems with some integrated and unique functions. This function integration of the sub system must be much efficient to make the whole organization as an affective MIS system. By adopting this approach, as soon as all of the needs of the sub systems are achieved, all of the needs of the organization are achieved. In literature, there are many characteristics discussed for an effective MIS system (Cassidy and Creswell, 1997). Some of them are listed below: MIS system should be composed of integrated sub systems with the ability of forward and backward looking systems. MIS system should be capable of planning and controlling the clearly defined business activities. MIS system should be capable of generating the reports that can help the management at all level in planning and controlling all of their current and expected business activities. MIS system should be able to retrieve the information about the operations control at appropriate time and should allow the transactional data processing. For the timely response, MIS system should have the batch processing as well as interactive operational modes. In order to store the data that is being frequently accessed, MIS system should use all of the data protection procedures that can assure to authorize user in more protective way. In order to extract the relative information quickly, MIS system should have appropriate data storage medium like random or direct access storage. In order to generate the meaningful and affective output for the ongoing control operations, MIS system should enable the standard and custom made model that must have the storage medium for the online data. 2.2 Educational Management Information System The revolution in the information and communication technologies (ICTs) has greatly influenced the life style of whole world. Over the past several years, ICT infrastructure is considered as a symbol for a countrys development. In every way of life, there is a vital role of these Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by all means to improve the quality, standardizing the different stakeholders role and imparting the operating procedures (Ed Crowley, 2003). ICTs has a proven role in the field of medical, business, industry, entertainment, communications but now these technologies has emerging efficient role in education field. In developing countries, especially like Pakistan education sector is one of the core areas that require more attention for the countrys rapid development. The goal of every educational institute is to provide the quality education to all of its students. In these institutes management at all level continuous strives to achieve this aimed goal. Universities are hiring highly qualified professors and equipping their scientific laboratories with latest equipments, adding new technologies and books to their libraries. In these educational institutes the concept of digital libraries is also introduced, in classrooms multimedia projects are installed. The concept of distant learning, different tutorials like web and disk based as well as the concept of audio and visual data to aid lectures is introduced in these instit utes. In short, ICTs have played a major significant role for knowledge dissemination among various groups in these educational institutes. In order to get the maximum benefits of the available facilities of hardware and software, it is not enough to just connecting the laboratories with the internet facility but there is lot more in to this. This type of human attitude towards the computer resources propose that there is always a need for some educational intervention to get the possible benefits. The better usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can be attained by pedagogic intercessions (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006). As the issues raises, it starts creating interesting opportunities for the individuals and organizations for improving the individuals understandability and skills. From the educational point of view, it is believed that when the individuals discernment is challenged and they receive any sort of intellectual or practical support then their productive and creative talents are used which can also be enhanced (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006). In all this competitive ICTs equipped educational institutes there is much more than the quality education that is expected by the students. Students need quality service in all of the required information that is required by them. In order to present their day to day problems, students needs environment that can facilitate them in every way. Different higher educational institutes are continuously striving to achieve this target. For example when a student require his transcripts after courses finalization then it can take more than a month time when there is conventional system installed in educational institutes. It can take more time because of the limited number of acting staff members that are dealing with the results and transcripts issuing process. There are many other daily issues that can arise every day and this limited number of staff will not be able to prompt instantaneously to all of the students. In order to handle such hectic routine universities used to employee mor e employees but as its known that increasing manpower can never solve the problem so another solution is required that can cope up with all such issues. There are many activities that can not be handled with simple processing applications and they are also much time consuming but these are simple processes like admission, registration, conduction of examination, keeping track of the employees and students and managing both employees and students accounts (Marlon Pierce et all, 2002). In order to manage thousands of its students and employees the best effective way is to use the information and communication technologies in more efficient way. Educational management system (EMIS) is an example of such an information system that has been developed over past several years to get the maximum benefits from the human and machine interaction to generate the appropriate information. This concept of EMIS has been imported from the business world which represents a system for information processing for educational management. This system is not developed to replace the statistics based system and this system itself is not a statistical system. This system has been developed to handle all data types which may be statistical in nature. An authoritative professional is required to train this data as reliable, verified, authoritative and professionally trained. This authority must be professional and independent entity that must be acceptable by all of the other users in an organization. When an information system is being developed then it is very much necessary to get the exact and reliable statistics before this system get applied t o any sort of management. Information systems are always designed to process valid data into information not the garbage data. In educational management systems, these information systems should address both of the management and statistics in more efficient way and should produce information in an affective format. In literature, there are many definitions and descriptions about the EMIS systems as its being developed over the past several years (EPRD, 1997). Educational management system is a formalized collection of the operational procedures, processes and mutual agreement that are integrated in such a way that it can produce useful information and data for the educational institutes and all of related entities like teachers, students and other management at all levels. All of the data relevant to the concerned entities is aggregated, collected and organized, managed and processed which is then disseminated across the organization and is used by the concerned authorities and management at all levels to take the beneficial decisions for the educational institutes (EPRD, 1997). EMIS contains all of the relevant information that is required by the educational managers at all levels to support all of their activities. EMIS systems always responds to the consumers for the affective information and serves the needs of end users, therefore it can be said that these information systems are serving on the basis of demand response methodology. In order to get the maximum benefits out of this information system it is very much necessary that the process chain of information management and in the transaction between the end users demand of information and the system response of information delivery, all of the statistics must be updated and reviewed properly. If this whole chain of information management is not properly maintained then there will be no meaningful information from the data aggregation and processing. The system integration is also much important in EMIS to get the best possible outcome from the system because if there will be any problem with the system integration it will results in irrelevant information delivery that will make whole EMIS as an irrelevant system. In order to work these EMIS systems up to dated, it is necessary to conduct clients surveys. These surveys will help the educational institutes to cope up with all of the newly raised requirements and then it will give up dated response to its consumers. These surveys will also help to figure out the needs of producers and will generate a user friendly and interpretable services and products accordingly. Educational institutes should also create general awareness among the users about the advantages of these EMIS systems that can provide information for decision making. In order to avoid a total system loss, it is very much important that these EMIS systems should be self sustainable and they must have a back up even if master system will fail to fulfill the requirements of all of its end users. At the very earlier stage of system development it is important to train the individual entities but at the later stage of capacity building this training is not of much importance. EMIS systems have been employed in many different countries as a big success and there these systems have provided support services and capacity building to the distributed as well as the decentralized statistical functions. There are many specialized functions needed for the EMIS development such as setting the standards, development of application software, quality control, providing technical assistance and training services as well as coordinating annual statistics production. System integration is an important step in EMIS development because all of the loose parts will be combined efficiently can develop an affective system output. Quality control is also of much significance because it can assure quality checks at all levels. In educational institutes, an effective and efficient information management system that should help management at all level for planning, policy making, and management can be developed by adopting common data collection instruments, by developing data processing software and by adopting all of the procedures for quality control and assurance. Such a developed system can assure the effective performance of all of the statistical functions in the institutes. The processes of data collections its entry and verification are all very close to the source. This data is then transmitted as an electronic copy all around the institute. At every level of management, this data is analyzed on the basis of the users requirements which ensure the minimization of inconsistency and task duplications. Such a system also ensures the quality, reliability, data validity and effectiveness as well as the end users satisfaction at all levels. 2.3 EMIS in World As discussed above that the concept of educational management information system (EMIS) has been adopted by many developed and developing countries over the past several years. In some of the countries, this technique has failed because of ignoring many important entities and critical procedures that were necessary to adopt in order to ensure its success. In these countries, these EMIS were not big success because they forgot that adopting a new technical name, obtaining funds and grants and improper system adaptation never ensure the adaptation of new technology. In developing countries there are some trends listed for increasing the demand for EMIS (Chapman, 1990). They are: Explosive growth of Educational System This is the foremost and important trend that pressurized the developing countries to make them adopt EMIS systems. This trend will reflect the growth of population which afterward will show the increased rate of participation. It also puts the pressure on the teaching materials and on the stipulation of the qualified teachers and staff. This explosive growth subsequently limited the development of the educational resources and caused the decline in education quality in these developing countries (Chapman Mahlck, 1993). Increased Complexity of Educational System As the educational system has grown explosively in the developing countries, it also results in its complexity. Educational ministry has pursued multiple objective so many different and new course works has been under taken so that education quality can be improved. Increased Financial Pressure Many governments are experiencing the increased financial pressure so they need to adopt those resource allocation procedures that are efficient in longer run. International Funding In order to attract international funding agencies in the area of education, it is necessary to provide them with the quantitative data that must show the success and progress of the educational projects. These agencies are pressurizing the developing countries so that they can also justify their own accountability. In developing countries, they are financing only when they get accurate statistics and data that can evaluate their funded projects so they require strict accountability. Low Cost Information Technology As technology is advancing so it is available at very low cost. In these developing countries, large data amount is being handled by using the low cost advanced information technology. All around the world, there are policies of different organizations to improve the educational systems. UNESCO is also one of the organizations that has strategic objectives in the field of education with their clear policy of improving the quality of education. This policy includes the agenda of improving educational quality through diversification of methods and content, diffusion, experimentation promotion, dialogue, by adopting best practices, innovation and by information sharing. Information and technology advancement has put the pressure all around the globe to adopt these ICTs in their educational system and tech them to the students. This learning of advanced ICTs is very important to cope up with the challenges of 21st century. UNESCO, in its World educational report discussed some of the fundamental implications that ICTs have for the conventional learning and teaching (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998). In order to meet all of the requirements that are must for the int egration of these ICTs in the conventional systems there are some frameworks proposed in different publications (UNESCO World Education Report, 2002). These are fundamental requirements that are identified as the important strategies for the teacher education, for managing the change process in learning, for managing change process in adopting and integration of these ICTs. Technology has become a catalyst that is transforming the learning and whole education systems (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998). Different multimedia projects have been employed that are using the information visualization techniques and are beneficial for the citizens of the far distant countries. In this way, students from the distant countries are also learning new technologies. These multimedia applications are also installed in schools so that students can learn new technologies at the very basic school level. This helped the school community to explore both the real and virtual technologies within the context information and by using the interactive visualized systems (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002). In terms of information technology (IT), there have been substantial discussions for the preparation of the workforce that can work globally. In developing countries, still there are limited resources along with the limited number of professionals that can make best use of this IT so the promise to increase the productivity in educational system by the use of IT is still on hold. In order to succeed at any level of life, it is now a must to incorporate these IT in their careers so that the rapid change of the world can be handled (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002). All around the world, these EMIS started as a result of the individual research projects or as an innovative idea that has been initiated by academic individuals by taking risks that result in the development of the web based initiatives which were not a complete system. On the other hand, there are now many complete systems that are well planned, institutionally comprehensive and systematically integrated (JC Taylor, 2001). For example, at the University of Southern Queensland, where there is history of distant learning for almost 25years, there the transformation to the IT environment was a natural step. The organization itself as a whole adopted this new move rather than by just adopting by some individuals. They adopted the web based information and communications technologies at universities and reflect on element of the corporate mission statement i.e. To be a leader in flexible learning and the use of information and communications technologies (JC Taylor, 2001). The word portal has gained much attention in past several years which means door entrance or gate (Winston Dictionar, 2009). In higher educational systems, it is difficult and risky but is necessary to develop a portal so that the educational system can compete and realize the importance of ICTs. In this way, universities and colleges can get a very clear idea about the benefits of investing on to the enterprise systems, data warehouses and in other information services. By developing their own portals, educational institutes can integrate services, information and other infrastructure so that uniform information will flow all around the institute. Its a big challenge to incorporate higher education and technology, same is the case with portal strategy but the result is always beneficial to the organization. 2.4 EMIS in Pakistan EMIS is not a new field of study, but as we see that now it is receiving more importance around the globe. But in Pakistan in past few decades EMIS research encircle Basic Primary education System but my research on EMIS in HE of Pakistan is completely new area of research for Pakistan. Also the Educational Organizations are learning new methods of enhancing the efficiency of their organizations, individually and as a whole as a group. In Pakistan, many reforms have been made after the establishment of the Higher Education Commission (HEC). These reforms target the improvement of the quality of the education as well as to generate more resources for the growth of education in the higher education in the country. In Pakistan, the most recent trend is to improve the processes and resources in the universities. In these days, Engineering and Technology programs has created a big hype so majority of the students are taking admission in these areas. Higher Education Commission (HEC) as well as Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) has set certain critera that universities need to fulfill before offering admissions to students in these areas. This critera required the availability of manpower, certain infrastructure, highly qualified staff, well equipped labs, and quality education process. In order to produce highly qualified and trained staff, HEC is offering certain scholarship and funding schemes so that more qualified manpower can be produced. 2.5 COMSATAS Institutes of Technology 2.5.1 EMIS in COMSATAS Institutes of Technology In order to standardize the universities much attention is driven to the adaptation of new technologies as well as towards the infrastructure development and improvement of the operating procedures. The criteria of HEC for the higher education institutions is very strict and is based on resource counting, collection of performance data and collection of all of the corresponding ratios which are in bottom up manners until the final reports are generated. This evaluation criterion demands the individual assessment system for each department in the university so that independent and quality information can be elaborated. This whole process will result in enhancing the quality of different operating procedures and processes that are being exercised in the institute and will results in enhancing the university ranking. There are many ways by which this feedback loop can be achieved in the higher educational institutions. It is possible that certain reports and indicators may be widely available all around the campus as soon as they are generated so that effective data is readily available. At various decision making points, the key personnel can take immediate corrective action when required by just keeping a sharp eye on these reports. This is significant in a way that it will increase the awareness in the whole academic community. Whenever administration decides for any required change then all of the standard measures can be taken. The possible measure that can increase the reliability of the feedback loop is to make sure that all of the relevant elements in the institutional information system are readily available. By adopting this technique, all of the entities will be permanently connected and consulted the information all around the institute. Other measure that can be adopted is that all of the old practice that are being performed at different departments can be refined. This process of refinement needs the experience that has already accumulated and it can also take into account the suggestions by all of its users or the involved entities. The intention for the development of the EMIS for COMSATS IIT was to refine most of the activities that were being performed at various levels in different departments of the university. This refinement will be done by taking in mind all of the accumulated users suggestions and from the experience of the all of the involved entities. In this EMIS, a new service layer has been added that corresponds to the extraction of all of the related derived information. This information is particularly designed to support university management at several levels. 2.5.2 COMSATS University Online System (CU-Online) In order to get the advantage of the maximum possible ICT utilization, COMSATS IIT, Pakistan has developed an automated educational management system which is commonly known as CU-Online (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has been developed to create an integrated educational system. This system aims to maintain all of the information related to the students, facilitate the employees to access all of the resources related to the curriculum that can help them in lesson planning, examination conduction, results reporting and managing all of the other students and teachers accounts. This system has the capability to report and analyze different data and information for the individual users and collective users that can help them at all levels to get a broader picture of the whole educational institute and system. This system has been developed with the intention to provide user connectivity everywhere all times as a pure web based application. It provides academic, transactional a nd administrative access to all its users which results in development of the collaborative campus. In CU-Online system there are four main components that constitute its environment (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). They are: Data Student/Parent Management, faculty, staff Hardware In this EMIS system, there are various stakeholders like faculty, parents and students and management and staff. Faculty needs this system to plan their lessons and curriculum, for progress report and class assessment. This is a tool by which faculty can communication with parents and students. It also reports the progress towards students goals. This EMIS enables the parents and students to keep a check of the progress reports, work assignments. They can also check their work assignments and progress towards their graduation requirements. Management and staff use this system to achieve all of the staff and student information (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has modules for admission, student information system, library, human resource management, course portal, inventory and hardware monitoring and for fee and accounts. In COMSATS IIT, the introduction of ICTs not only automates all of the departments but also facilitates all of the involved entities in the university. Students are getting quality education and they are required many facilitations in different aspects. In order to earn good name to university, management is required to adopt quality procedure and must assure quality at all level of management. While in a university, students can come across many different procedures and problems so this system must facilitate them in every aspect so that they can only concentrate on their studies. Similarly staff and faculty members must avoid all of the cumbersome procedures and must only perform their required duties (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). All of such facilities must reach to the users with ease on their desktops.

Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility Essay

In this article Christine Coupland discusses web-based forms of the reports and socially responsibility documents of five banking groups: Loyds/TSB, HSBC, The Royal Bank of Scotland, the Co-operative Bank and Barclays. Social and environmental reporting is a broad concern, and, therefore, separation of CSE issues will indicate the allocation of particular status. The study also focuses on the language as the site of action. The central argument is that organizations are socially constructed and emergent. The author uses discourse/textual analytic approach. Moreover, the author draws on media analysis techniques, and analysis of argument and rhetoric. Corporate social reporting is to simplistic. This claim is supported by official statistics aimed at revealing the key benefits of social and corporate responsibility. The author’s purpose of the paper is to challenge public views on benefits of social and environmental responsibility for organizations and web-based reporting. The research focuses on examination of how organization is presented and on five banking groups and the author argues that CSR considerations are becoming more and more important in business world as they serve to peripheralize the information. The article is useful to my research topic as Coupland suggests that organization is the only voice of apart from legitimizing bodies. The main limitation of the article is that little attention is paid to social and environmental reporting – I think the author should provide more information on the issue. Thus, the author indicates that social and environmental responsibility should be paid more attention. The article will not form the basis of my research; however, it will be useful supplementary information.